{
  "schemaVersion": 1,
  "generated": "2026-09-16T12:29:03.906Z",
  "publisher": "North Cyprus Reference",
  "language": "en",
  "canonicalLanguage": "en",
  "publishedLanguages": [
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  ],
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    },
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  "collection": "sources",
  "records": [
    {
      "id": "src-cjeu-apostolides-orams-2009",
      "title": "Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 28 April 2009, Meletis Apostolides v David Charles Orams and Linda Elizabeth Orams, Case C-420/07",
      "authority": "cjeu",
      "tier": 3,
      "type": "court-decision",
      "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:62007CJ0420",
      "jurisdiction": "cjeu",
      "language": "en",
      "datePublished": "2009-04-28",
      "dateAccessed": "2026-09-14",
      "quoted": [],
      "notes": "Reference for a preliminary ruling from the Court of Appeal (England and Wales) on recognition and enforcement under Regulation (EC) No 44/2001 of judgments of the courts of the Republic of Cyprus concerning land in the north.",
      "conflictsWith": []
    },
    {
      "id": "src-cylaw-criminal-code-cap-154",
      "title": "Criminal Code, Cap. 154, consolidated text (CyLaw), sections 281 and 303A",
      "titleOriginal": "Ο περί Ποινικού Κώδικα Νόμος, ΚΕΦ. 154",
      "authority": "cylaw",
      "tier": 1,
      "type": "legislation",
      "url": "https://cylaw.org/nomoi/enop/non-ind/0_154/division-dd72bb7b0a-2d72-4a20-8cc8-38efb2a69377.html",
      "jurisdiction": "republic-of-cyprus",
      "language": "el",
      "dateAccessed": "2026-09-14",
      "quoted": [
        {
          "locator": "Section 303A(1)",
          "original": "Πρόσωπο το οποίο, με σκοπό καταδολίευσης, συναλλάττεται σε ακίνητη περιουσία που ανήκει σε άλλο είναι ένοχο κακουργήματος και υπόκειται σε φυλάκιση εφτά χρόνων.",
          "translation": "A person who, with intent to defraud, deals in immovable property belonging to another is guilty of a felony and is liable to seven years’ imprisonment."
        },
        {
          "locator": "Section 303A(2)",
          "original": "πρόσωπο συναλλάττεται σε ακίνητη περιουσία όπου (α) πωλεί σε άλλο, ή ενοικιάζει σε άλλο, ή υποθηκεύει σε άλλο ή επιβαρύνει με οποιοδήποτε τρόπο, ή διαθέτει προς χρήση σε άλλο ακίνητη περιουσία, ή (β) διαφημίζει ή άλλως πως προωθεί τη σε άλλο πώληση ή ενοικίαση ή υποθήκευση ή επιβάρυνση με οποιοδήποτε τρόπο ή την από άλλο χρήση ακίνητης περιουσίας, ή (γ) συνάπτει συμφωνία για την πώληση σε άλλο, ή την ενοικίαση σε άλλο, ή την υποθήκευση σε άλλο, ή την επιβάρυνση με οποιοδήποτε τρόπο προς όφελος άλλου, ή τη χρήση από άλλον ακίνητης περιουσίας, ή (δ) αποδέχεται την ακίνητη περιουσία η οποία αποτελεί το αντικείμενο της συναλλαγής",
          "translation": "a person deals in immovable property where they (a) sell, let, mortgage or otherwise encumber immovable property to another, or make it available for another’s use; or (b) advertise or otherwise promote its sale, letting, mortgaging, encumbrance or use by another; or (c) enter into an agreement for its sale, letting, mortgaging, encumbrance for the benefit of another, or use by another; or (d) accept the immovable property that is the object of such a transaction"
        },
        {
          "locator": "Section 303A(3)",
          "original": "πρόσωπο ενεργεί με σκοπό καταδολίευσης εάν προβεί σε οποιαδήποτε από τις πράξεις που καθορίζονται στο εδάφιο (2) ενώ γνωρίζει ή, υπό τις περιστάσεις, έπρεπε εύλογα να γνωρίζει, ότι δεν έχει τη συγκατάθεση του εγγεγραμμένου ιδιοκτήτη της ακίνητης περιουσίας",
          "translation": "a person acts with intent to defraud if they do any of the acts in subsection (2) while knowing, or in the circumstances ought reasonably to have known, that they do not have the consent of the registered owner of the immovable property"
        },
        {
          "locator": "Section 281(1), as amended",
          "original": "Όποιος κατέχει, καλλιεργεί, νέμεται ή χρησιμοποιεί με οποιοδήποτε τρόπο (α) γη εγγεγραμμένη επί ονόματι άλλου ... χωρίς τη συναίνεση του εγγεγραμμένου ιδιοκτήτη ή των κληρονόμων του ... είναι ένοχος αδικήματος και υπόκειται σε ποινή φυλάκισης μέχρι και πέντε (5) έτη ή σε χρηματική ποινή μέχρι τις δέκα χιλιάδες ευρώ (€10.000) ή και στις δύο αυτές ποινές.",
          "translation": "Whoever possesses, cultivates, occupies or uses in any way (a) land registered in the name of another ... without the consent of the registered owner or their heirs ... is guilty of an offence and is liable to imprisonment of up to five (5) years or a fine of up to ten thousand euros (€10,000), or both."
        }
      ],
      "notes": "Consolidated text maintained by CyLaw, the legal database of the Cyprus Bar Association. Section 303A was inserted by Law 130(I)/2006; section 281 was amended by Law 18(I)/2025 (see the gazette source).",
      "conflictsWith": [],
      "localCopy": "research/primary/cylaw-cap154-part6.html"
    },
    {
      "id": "src-cyprus-mail-usurpation-arrests-2025-05",
      "title": "Rising usurpation arrests provoke tensions in north (Cyprus Mail)",
      "authority": "cyprus-mail",
      "tier": 7,
      "type": "press",
      "url": "https://cyprus-mail.com/2025/05/14/rising-usurpation-arrests-provoke-tensions-in-north",
      "jurisdiction": "republic-of-cyprus",
      "language": "en",
      "datePublished": "2025-05-14",
      "dateAccessed": "2026-09-14",
      "quoted": [],
      "conflictsWith": []
    },
    {
      "id": "src-echr-cyprus-v-turkey-2001",
      "title": "Cyprus v. Turkey [GC], application no. 25781/94, judgment of 10 May 2001",
      "authority": "echr",
      "tier": 4,
      "type": "court-decision",
      "url": "https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-59454",
      "jurisdiction": "echr",
      "language": "en",
      "datePublished": "2001-05-10",
      "dateAccessed": "2026-09-14",
      "quoted": [],
      "conflictsWith": [],
      "localCopy": "research/primary/echr-cyprus-v-turkey-gc-2001-05-10.pdf"
    },
    {
      "id": "src-echr-demopoulos-2010",
      "title": "Demopoulos and Others v. Turkey (dec.) [GC], applications nos. 46113/99, 3843/02, 13751/02, 13466/03, 10200/04, 14163/04, 19993/04 and 21819/04, decision of 1 March 2010",
      "authority": "echr",
      "tier": 4,
      "type": "court-decision",
      "url": "https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-97649",
      "jurisdiction": "echr",
      "language": "en",
      "datePublished": "2010-03-01",
      "dateAccessed": "2026-09-14",
      "quoted": [
        {
          "locator": "Paragraph 103",
          "text": "For the purposes of Article 35 § 1 of the Convention, remedies available in the “TRNC”, in particular, the IPC procedure, may be regarded as “domestic remedies” of the respondent State."
        },
        {
          "locator": "Paragraph 112",
          "text": "This is not to say that the applicants in these cases have lost their ownership in any formal sense; the Court would eschew any notion that military occupation should be regarded as a form of adverse possession by which title can be legally transferred to the invading power."
        },
        {
          "locator": "Paragraph 116",
          "text": "It cannot agree that the respondent State should be prohibited from taking into account other considerations, in particular the position of third parties."
        },
        {
          "locator": "Paragraph 127",
          "text": "The Court finds that Law no. 67/2005 provides an accessible and effective framework of redress in respect of complaints about interference with the property owned by Greek Cypriots."
        },
        {
          "locator": "Paragraph 128",
          "text": "this decision is not to be interpreted as requiring that applicants make use of the IPC. They may choose not to do so and await a political solution."
        },
        {
          "locator": "Paragraph 96",
          "text": "this conclusion does not in any way put in doubt the view adopted by the international community regarding the establishment of the “TRNC” or the fact that the government of the Republic of Cyprus remains the sole legitimate government of Cyprus"
        }
      ],
      "conflictsWith": [],
      "localCopy": "research/primary/echr-demopoulos-v-turkey-gc-decision-2010-03-01.pdf"
    },
    {
      "id": "src-echr-loizidou-1996",
      "title": "Loizidou v. Turkey (merits), application no. 15318/89, judgment of 18 December 1996",
      "authority": "echr",
      "tier": 4,
      "type": "court-decision",
      "url": "https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-58007",
      "jurisdiction": "echr",
      "language": "en",
      "datePublished": "1996-12-18",
      "dateAccessed": "2026-09-14",
      "quoted": [
        {
          "locator": "Operative provisions",
          "text": "Holds by eleven votes to six that the denial of access to the applicant’s property and consequent loss of control thereof is imputable to Turkey; Holds by eleven votes to six that there has been a breach of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1."
        },
        {
          "locator": "Paragraph 64",
          "text": "the applicant ... must be regarded to have remained the legal owner of the land"
        }
      ],
      "conflictsWith": [],
      "localCopy": "research/primary/echr-loizidou-v-turkey-merits-1996-12-18.pdf"
    },
    {
      "id": "src-echr-xenides-arestis-2005",
      "title": "Xenides-Arestis v. Turkey, application no. 46347/99, judgment of 22 December 2005",
      "authority": "echr",
      "tier": 4,
      "type": "court-decision",
      "url": "https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-71800",
      "jurisdiction": "echr",
      "language": "en",
      "datePublished": "2005-12-22",
      "dateAccessed": "2026-09-14",
      "quoted": [],
      "conflictsWith": [],
      "localCopy": "research/primary/echr-xenides-arestis-v-turkey-2005-12-22.pdf"
    },
    {
      "id": "src-ep-resolution-2025-09-11",
      "title": "European Parliament resolution of 11 September 2025 on the detention of EU citizens in the occupied areas of Cyprus",
      "authority": "european-parliament",
      "tier": 2,
      "type": "official-page",
      "url": "https://oeil.europarl.europa.eu/oeil/en/document-summary?id=1842448",
      "jurisdiction": "eu",
      "language": "en",
      "datePublished": "2025-09-11",
      "dateAccessed": "2026-09-14",
      "quoted": [],
      "notes": "Adopted 597 votes to 0 with 5 abstentions, according to the legislative observatory summary. Concerns five Greek Cypriot EU citizens detained on 19 July 2025 in the north while visiting property.",
      "conflictsWith": []
    },
    {
      "id": "src-erginel-2024-new-rules",
      "title": "2024 – New rules on purchasing immovable property for foreigners (TRNC) (Erginel Law)",
      "authority": "erginel-law",
      "tier": 6,
      "type": "professional",
      "url": "https://erginellaw.com/2024-new-rules-on-purchasing-immovable-property-for-foreigners-trnc/",
      "jurisdiction": "trnc",
      "language": "en",
      "dateAccessed": "2026-09-14",
      "quoted": [],
      "conflictsWith": []
    },
    {
      "id": "src-erginel-2025-update",
      "title": "TRNC property law changes and transfer fee reduction – 2025 legal update (Erginel Law)",
      "authority": "erginel-law",
      "tier": 6,
      "type": "professional",
      "url": "https://www.erginellaw.com/trnc-property-law-changes-transfer-fee-reduction-2025-legal-update/",
      "jurisdiction": "trnc",
      "language": "en",
      "dateAccessed": "2026-09-14",
      "quoted": [],
      "notes": "Describes changes said to take effect on 15 May 2025 by decree, including a reduction of the transfer fee for foreign nationals and changes to acquisition limits. Not yet verified against the gazette text.",
      "conflictsWith": []
    },
    {
      "id": "src-ewca-apostolides-orams-2010",
      "title": "Apostolides v Orams and another [2010] EWCA Civ 9, Court of Appeal (Civil Division), 19 January 2010",
      "authority": "uk-court-of-appeal",
      "tier": 3,
      "type": "court-decision",
      "url": "https://caselaw.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ewca/civ/2010/9",
      "jurisdiction": "uk",
      "language": "en",
      "datePublished": "2010-01-19",
      "dateAccessed": "2026-09-14",
      "quoted": [
        {
          "locator": "Paragraph 94",
          "text": "I would allow this appeal and reinstate the Orders of Master Eyre."
        }
      ],
      "notes": "The Court of Appeal allowed Mr Apostolides’ appeal and reinstated the orders registering the Cypriot judgments for enforcement in England, following the CJEU’s ruling in Case C-420/07. Read on the UK National Archives Find Case Law service.",
      "conflictsWith": []
    },
    {
      "id": "src-gazette-2024-102",
      "title": "Official Gazette No. 102 of 21 May 2024, Supplement I: Law 39/2024 amending the Immovable Property Acquisition and Long-Term Lease (Aliens) Law",
      "titleOriginal": "KKTC Resmî Gazete, Sayı 102, 21 Mayıs 2024, EK I: 39/2024 Sayılı Taşınmaz Mal Edinme ve Uzun Vadeli Kiralama (Yabancılar) (Değişiklik) Yasası",
      "authority": "trnc-official-gazette",
      "tier": 1,
      "type": "gazette",
      "url": "https://basimevi.gov.ct.tr/Portals/6/2024/102.pdf?ver=2024-06-03-103649-550",
      "jurisdiction": "trnc",
      "language": "tr",
      "datePublished": "2024-05-21",
      "dateAccessed": "2026-09-14",
      "quoted": [
        {
          "locator": "Supplement I, p. 207",
          "original": "Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti Cumhuriyet Meclisi’nin 20 Mayıs 2024 tarihli Ellialtıncı Birleşiminde Oyçokluğuyla (26 Oyla) kabul olunan \"Taşınmaz Mal Edinme ve Uzun Vadeli Kiralama (Yabancılar) (Değişiklik) Yasası\"",
          "translation": "The \"Immovable Property Acquisition and Long-Term Lease (Aliens) (Amendment) Law\", adopted by majority (26 votes) at the fifty-sixth sitting of the Assembly of the Republic on 20 May 2024"
        }
      ],
      "notes": "The amending law is numbered 39/2024 and entered into force on publication (section 14).",
      "conflictsWith": [],
      "localCopy": "research/primary/resmi-gazete-2024-102-2024-05-21.pdf"
    },
    {
      "id": "src-gazette-2025-029-decree-8-2025",
      "title": "Official Gazette No. 29 of 7 February 2025: Decree with force of law 8/2025 extending the 60-business-day period in transitional Article 1(4) of Law 39/2024",
      "titleOriginal": "8/2025 Sayılı Yasa Gücünde Kararname (Resmî Gazete Sayı 29, 7 Şubat 2025)",
      "authority": "trnc-official-gazette",
      "tier": 1,
      "type": "decree",
      "url": "https://basimevi.gov.ct.tr/Portals/6/2025/29.pdf",
      "jurisdiction": "trnc",
      "language": "tr",
      "datePublished": "2025-02-07",
      "dateAccessed": "2026-09-14",
      "quoted": [],
      "conflictsWith": [],
      "localCopy": "research/primary/resmi-gazete-2025-29.pdf"
    },
    {
      "id": "src-gazette-2025-039-decree-7-2025",
      "title": "Official Gazette No. 39 of 21 February 2025: Decree with force of law 7/2025 on existing sales contracts under transitional Article 1 of Law 39/2024 and extension of periods",
      "authority": "trnc-official-gazette",
      "tier": 1,
      "type": "decree",
      "url": "https://basimevi.gov.ct.tr/Portals/6/2025/39.pdf",
      "jurisdiction": "trnc",
      "language": "tr",
      "datePublished": "2025-02-21",
      "dateAccessed": "2026-09-14",
      "quoted": [],
      "conflictsWith": [],
      "localCopy": "research/primary/resmi-gazete-2025-39.pdf"
    },
    {
      "id": "src-gazette-2025-069-decree-13-2025",
      "title": "Official Gazette No. 69 of 3 April 2025: Decree with force of law 13/2025 on existing sales contracts (seven-year usage certificate; build-and-sell partnerships)",
      "authority": "trnc-official-gazette",
      "tier": 1,
      "type": "decree",
      "url": "https://basimevi.gov.ct.tr/Portals/6/2025/69.pdf",
      "jurisdiction": "trnc",
      "language": "tr",
      "datePublished": "2025-04-03",
      "dateAccessed": "2026-09-14",
      "quoted": [],
      "notes": "The decree recites that an earlier decree 57/2024 of 14 December 2024 had regulated over-limit contracts and that a decree 50/2024 had extended the 75-business-day period for trustee agreements.",
      "conflictsWith": [],
      "localCopy": "research/primary/resmi-gazete-2025-69.pdf"
    },
    {
      "id": "src-gazette-2025-165-decree-30-2025",
      "title": "Official Gazette No. 165 of 14 August 2025: Decree with force of law 30/2025 regulating the rules on acquisition of immovable property by foreigners",
      "titleOriginal": "Yabancıların Taşınmaz Mal Edinimine İlişkin Kuralları Düzenleyen Yasa Gücünde Kararname, 30/2025",
      "authority": "trnc-official-gazette",
      "tier": 1,
      "type": "decree",
      "url": "https://basimevi.gov.ct.tr/Portals/6/2025/165.pdf",
      "jurisdiction": "trnc",
      "language": "tr",
      "datePublished": "2025-08-14",
      "dateAccessed": "2026-09-14",
      "quoted": [],
      "conflictsWith": [],
      "localCopy": "research/primary/resmi-gazete-2025-165.pdf"
    },
    {
      "id": "src-gazette-2025-225-decree-42-2025",
      "title": "Official Gazette No. 225 of 14 November 2025: Decree with force of law 42/2025 regulating the rules on acquisition of immovable property by foreigners",
      "authority": "trnc-official-gazette",
      "tier": 1,
      "type": "decree",
      "url": "https://basimevi.gov.ct.tr/Portals/6/2025/225.pdf",
      "jurisdiction": "trnc",
      "language": "tr",
      "datePublished": "2025-11-14",
      "dateAccessed": "2026-09-14",
      "quoted": [],
      "conflictsWith": [],
      "localCopy": "research/primary/resmi-gazete-2025-225.pdf"
    },
    {
      "id": "src-gazette-2026-028-decree-11-2026",
      "title": "Official Gazette No. 28 of 12 February 2026: Decree with force of law 11/2026 regulating the rules on acquisition of immovable property by foreigners",
      "authority": "trnc-official-gazette",
      "tier": 1,
      "type": "decree",
      "url": "https://basimevi.gov.ct.tr/Portals/6/2026/28.pdf",
      "jurisdiction": "trnc",
      "language": "tr",
      "datePublished": "2026-02-12",
      "dateAccessed": "2026-09-14",
      "quoted": [],
      "conflictsWith": [],
      "localCopy": "research/primary/resmi-gazete-2026-28.pdf"
    },
    {
      "id": "src-gazette-2026-087-decree-63-2026",
      "title": "Official Gazette No. 87 of 11 May 2026: Decree with force of law 63/2026 regulating the rules on acquisition of immovable property by foreigners",
      "authority": "trnc-official-gazette",
      "tier": 1,
      "type": "decree",
      "url": "https://basimevi.gov.ct.tr/Portals/6/2026/87.pdf",
      "jurisdiction": "trnc",
      "language": "tr",
      "datePublished": "2026-05-11",
      "dateAccessed": "2026-09-14",
      "quoted": [],
      "conflictsWith": [],
      "localCopy": "research/primary/resmi-gazete-2026-87.pdf"
    },
    {
      "id": "src-gazette-2026-119-law-44-2026",
      "title": "Official Gazette No. 119 of 25 June 2026: Law 44/2026 amending the Aliens and Immigration Law (Chapter 105), residence permit fees",
      "authority": "trnc-official-gazette",
      "tier": 1,
      "type": "gazette",
      "url": "https://basimevi.gov.ct.tr/Portals/6/2026/119.pdf",
      "jurisdiction": "trnc",
      "language": "tr",
      "datePublished": "2026-06-25",
      "dateAccessed": "2026-09-14",
      "quoted": [],
      "notes": "Adopted by the Assembly on 22 June 2026 (25 votes). Replaces Article 20(5) and the fee schedule for residence permits and allows the Council of Ministers to raise the scheduled fees by regulation, up to fifteen times, in line with annual inflation. Located for the LIVE vertical.",
      "conflictsWith": [],
      "localCopy": "research/primary/resmi-gazete-2026-119.pdf"
    },
    {
      "id": "src-gazette-2026-147-decree-89-2026",
      "title": "Official Gazette No. 147 of 7 August 2026: Decree with force of law 89/2026 regulating the rules on acquisition of immovable property by foreigners",
      "titleOriginal": "Yabancıların Taşınmaz Mal Edinimine İlişkin Kuralları Düzenleyen Yasa Gücünde Kararname, 89/2026 (Resmî Gazete Sayı 147, 7 Ağustos 2026)",
      "authority": "trnc-official-gazette",
      "tier": 1,
      "type": "decree",
      "url": "https://basimevi.gov.ct.tr/Portals/6/2026/147.pdf",
      "jurisdiction": "trnc",
      "language": "tr",
      "datePublished": "2026-08-07",
      "dateAccessed": "2026-09-14",
      "quoted": [
        {
          "locator": "General reasoning (Genel Gerekçe)",
          "original": "87 Nolu Resmi Gazete'nin EK-1'inde yayımlanan 63/2026 sayılı Yabancıların Taşınmaz Mal Edinimine İlişkin Kuralları Düzenleyen Yasa Gücünde Kararname'nin Anayasa uyarınca geçerlilik süresi olan doksan (90) günlük süre 10 Ağustos 2026 tarihinde sona erecektir.",
          "translation": "The ninety-day validity period under the Constitution of Decree with force of law 63/2026 regulating the rules on acquisition of immovable property by foreigners, published in Supplement I of Official Gazette No. 87, will end on 10 August 2026."
        },
        {
          "locator": "General reasoning (Genel Gerekçe)",
          "original": "Cumhuriyet Meclisi'nin Hukuk, Siyasi İşler, Dış İlişkiler ve Savunma Komitesi'nin gündeminde olan ve görüşülmeye başlanan 52/2008 sayılı Taşınmaz Mal Edinme ve Uzun Vadeli Kiralama (Yabancılar) Yasasındaki değişiklikler Cumhuriyet Meclisi'nin tatilde olması sebebiyle, yasallaşma olanağı olmadığı cihetle zaruretten dolayı işbu Yasa Gücünde Kararname hazırlanmıştır.",
          "translation": "Because the amendments to Law 52/2008, which are on the agenda of and under discussion in the Assembly's Committee on Legal, Political, Foreign Affairs and Defence, could not be enacted while the Assembly is in recess, this decree with force of law has been prepared out of necessity."
        }
      ],
      "notes": "Read in full in Turkish on 14 September 2026. Article 4 substitutes new paragraphs (1), (6), (7), (10), (11)(C)-(D), (13)(A)(a) and (14) of Article 8 of Law 52/2008 \"while this decree remains in force\"; Articles 5-6 add new Articles 8A and 8B (licensed intermediary investor); Article 7 adds to Article 12; Article 8 substitutes transitional Article 1 paragraphs; Articles 9-13 add transitional rules.",
      "conflictsWith": [],
      "localCopy": "research/primary/resmi-gazete-2026-147.pdf"
    },
    {
      "id": "src-govuk-cyprus-buying-property",
      "title": "Cyprus: buying property (GOV.UK guidance)",
      "authority": "uk-fcdo",
      "tier": 5,
      "type": "guidance",
      "url": "https://www.gov.uk/guidance/how-to-property-in-cyprus",
      "jurisdiction": "uk",
      "language": "en",
      "datePublished": "2019-11-27",
      "dateAccessed": "2026-09-14",
      "quoted": [
        {
          "locator": "Section on the north of Cyprus",
          "text": "The ownership of many properties is disputed in the north of Cyprus, with thousands of claims to ownership from people displaced in 1974. Purchase of these properties could have serious financial and legal implications."
        },
        {
          "locator": "Section on the north of Cyprus",
          "text": "Purchasers could face legal proceedings in the courts of the Republic of Cyprus, as well as attempts to enforce judgments from these courts elsewhere in the EU, including the UK."
        },
        {
          "locator": "Section on mortgages",
          "text": "It is common practice for developers to take out mortgages on land or property. If you sign a contract with a developer and there is already a mortgage, loan or claim on the property, then you are likely to become liable for that mortgage should the builder, developer or landowner declare bankruptcy."
        },
        {
          "locator": "General advice",
          "text": "With all property purchases, we strongly recommend that you seek your own independent legal advice."
        }
      ],
      "notes": "First published 25 March 2013; last updated 27 November 2019 according to the page. The guidance predates the 2024 and later changes in Northern Cyprus law.",
      "conflictsWith": []
    },
    {
      "id": "src-gundem-kibris-decree-2026-05-11",
      "title": "Decree with force of law on acquisition of immovable property by foreigners (Gündem Kıbrıs report)",
      "titleOriginal": "Yabancıların taşınmaz mal edinimine ilişkin yasa gücünde kararname",
      "authority": "gundem-kibris",
      "tier": 7,
      "type": "press",
      "url": "https://www.gundemkibris.com/yabancilarin-tasinmaz-mal-edinimine-iliskin-yasa-gucunde-kararname",
      "jurisdiction": "trnc",
      "language": "tr",
      "datePublished": "2026-05-11",
      "dateAccessed": "2026-09-14",
      "quoted": [],
      "notes": "Press report on a decree stated to have entered into force on 11 May 2026 and to have been submitted to the Assembly. Reported contents: limits of three apartments or one house for foreigners, six apartments for citizens of recognising states, a EUR 10 million investment threshold, a ten-year usage certificate, and a six-month registration window for existing contracts. Not yet verified against the gazette text.",
      "conflictsWith": []
    },
    {
      "id": "src-icisleri-immovable-property-unit",
      "title": "Immovable Property Unit (Ministry of Interior) page: applications for purchase of immovable property by foreign nationals",
      "titleOriginal": "Taşınmaz Mal Birimi",
      "authority": "trnc-ministry-of-interior",
      "tier": 2,
      "type": "official-page",
      "url": "http://icisleri.gov.ct.tr/KURUL-KOM%C4%B0SYON-VE-B%C4%B0R%C4%B0MLER/Ta%C5%9F%C4%B1nmaz-Mal-Birimi",
      "jurisdiction": "trnc",
      "language": "tr",
      "dateAccessed": "2026-09-14",
      "quoted": [
        {
          "original": "Yabancı uyruklu kişilerin ülkemizden Taşınmaz Mal satın alımlarında şahsen, vekaleten veya avukatları aracılığıyla başvuru kabul edilmektedir.",
          "translation": "Applications by foreign nationals to purchase immovable property in our country are accepted in person, by proxy, or through their lawyers."
        }
      ],
      "conflictsWith": []
    },
    {
      "id": "src-icisleri-ptp-required-documents",
      "title": "Necessary documents for Permission to Buy Property (Ministry of Interior information sheet)",
      "titleOriginal": "Taşınmaz Mal Alımı Sırasında Gerekli Evraklar",
      "authority": "trnc-ministry-of-interior",
      "tier": 2,
      "type": "official-form",
      "url": "http://icisleri.gov.ct.tr/Portals/7/tmlindir.pdf",
      "jurisdiction": "trnc",
      "language": "tr",
      "dateAccessed": "2026-09-14",
      "quoted": [
        {
          "locator": "Bilingual list",
          "text": "1. Letter addressing to Interior Ministry (Flat Purchases Annex 1, Home Purchases Annex 2, Land Purchases Annex 3). 2. Information form (Annex 4, Annex 5). 3. Passport copy. 4. Title Deed copy. 5. Map of the place. 6. Sale contract (if you have). 7. Police report from your country (it must be original). 8. 45.00 TL stamps is required for application made by proxy."
        }
      ],
      "notes": "Undated sheet linked from the Immovable Property Unit page. Law 52/2008 (as amended) provides that the document list is set by Ministry circular, so this list may lag the current circular.",
      "conflictsWith": [],
      "localCopy": "research/primary/icisleri-ptp-required-documents-tmlindir.pdf"
    },
    {
      "id": "src-ipc-homepage-2026-09",
      "title": "Immovable Property Commission: homepage statement and application statistics",
      "authority": "trnc-ipc",
      "tier": 2,
      "type": "official-statistics",
      "url": "https://tamk.gov.ct.tr/en-us/",
      "jurisdiction": "trnc",
      "language": "en",
      "datePublished": "2026-09-11",
      "dateAccessed": "2026-09-14",
      "quoted": [
        {
          "locator": "Homepage, statistics dated 11 September 2026",
          "text": "As of 11 September 2026, 8,771 applications have been lodged with the Commission and 3,660 of them have been concluded. The Commission has awarded GBP 680,817,812 to the applicants as compensation."
        },
        {
          "locator": "Homepage",
          "text": "The Immovable Property Commission was set up under the Immovable Property Law (No. 67/2005) in accordance with the rulings of the European Court of Human Rights in the case of Xenides-Arestis v. Turkey, with the purpose to establish an effective domestic remedy for claims relating to abandoned properties in Northern Cyprus."
        }
      ],
      "notes": "Figures as displayed on the Commission’s English homepage when accessed. Wording of the statistics paragraph reconstructed from the page; the two figures were read directly.",
      "conflictsWith": []
    },
    {
      "id": "src-ipc-rules-english",
      "title": "Rules made under sections 8(2)(A) and 22 of Law 67/2005 (English text)",
      "authority": "trnc-ipc",
      "tier": 1,
      "type": "regulation",
      "url": "https://tamk.gov.ct.tr/Portals/37/Tuzuk-ING.pdf",
      "jurisdiction": "trnc",
      "language": "en",
      "dateAccessed": "2026-09-14",
      "quoted": [],
      "conflictsWith": [],
      "localCopy": "research/primary/ipc-rules-under-law-67-2005-english.pdf"
    },
    {
      "id": "src-ktimb-conditions-foreigners",
      "title": "Conditions for foreigners to acquire immovable properties in the TRNC (KTIMB)",
      "authority": "ktimb",
      "tier": 6,
      "type": "professional",
      "url": "https://ktimb.org/en/conditions-for-foreigners-to-acquire-immovable-properties-in-the-trnc/",
      "jurisdiction": "trnc",
      "language": "en",
      "dateAccessed": "2026-09-14",
      "quoted": [],
      "notes": "Describes the position under the 2018 Council of Ministers decree (three flats, 30-day contract registration). Superseded by Law 39/2024 but still online without a date: an example of why dates matter.",
      "conflictsWith": [
        "src-law-52-2008-consolidated"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "src-ktto-decree-2025-08",
      "title": "Announcement on the Decree with Force of Law Regulating the Rules on Acquisition of Immovable Property by Foreigners (Turkish Cypriot Chamber of Commerce)",
      "titleOriginal": "Yabancıların Taşınmaz Mal Edinimine İlişkin Kuralları Düzenleyen Yasa Gücünde Kararname hk.",
      "authority": "ktto",
      "tier": 6,
      "type": "professional",
      "url": "https://www.ktto.net/yabancilarin-tasinmaz-mal-edinimine-iliskin-kurallari-duzenleyen-yasa-gucunde-kararname-hk/",
      "jurisdiction": "trnc",
      "language": "tr",
      "datePublished": "2025-08-14",
      "dateAccessed": "2026-09-14",
      "quoted": [],
      "notes": "States that the decree was published in the Official Gazette on 14 August 2025 and entered into force on publication. The gazette text itself has not yet been read by us.",
      "conflictsWith": []
    },
    {
      "id": "src-law-41-1977-prio-translation",
      "title": "Law 41/1977 Settlement, Land Distribution and Equivalent Property (ITEM) Law, unofficial English translation with introduction",
      "authority": "prio-cyprus-centre",
      "tier": 6,
      "type": "academic",
      "url": "https://www.prio-cyprus-displacement.net//images/users/1/legislation/41-1977%20Settlement,%20Land%20Distribution,%20and%20Equivalent%20Property%20(ITEM)%20Law.pdf",
      "jurisdiction": "trnc",
      "language": "en",
      "dateAccessed": "2026-09-14",
      "quoted": [],
      "conflictsWith": [],
      "localCopy": "research/primary/law-41-1977-item-prio-english-translation.pdf"
    },
    {
      "id": "src-law-52-2008-consolidated",
      "title": "Immovable Property Acquisition and Long-Term Lease (Aliens) Law, No. 52/2008, consolidated with amending Law 39/2024",
      "titleOriginal": "52/2008 Sayılı Taşınmaz Mal Edinme ve Uzun Vadeli Kiralama (Yabancılar) Yasası (39/2024 sayılı Yasa ile Değiştirilmiş ve Birleştirilmiş şekli ile)",
      "authority": "trnc-central-legislation-office",
      "tier": 1,
      "type": "legislation",
      "url": "https://mevzuat.gov.ct.tr/Portals/48/52-2008%20Tasnmaz%20Mal%20Edinme%20ve%20Uzun%20Vadeli%20Kiralama%20%28Yabanclar%29%20Yasas%20%28Birlestirilmis%29.pdf",
      "jurisdiction": "trnc",
      "language": "tr",
      "datePublished": "2008-11-10",
      "dateAccessed": "2026-09-14",
      "quoted": [],
      "notes": "Original law adopted unanimously by the Assembly on 10 November 2008. This consolidated text incorporates the amendments made by Law 39/2024 (Official Gazette No. 102, 21 May 2024). Read in full in Turkish on 14 September 2026.",
      "conflictsWith": [],
      "localCopy": "research/primary/law-52-2008-consolidated-tr-mevzuat.pdf"
    },
    {
      "id": "src-law-52-2008-prio-translation",
      "title": "Law 52/2008 Immovable Property Acquisition and Long-term Lease (Foreigners), unofficial English translation (original 2008 text)",
      "authority": "prio-cyprus-centre",
      "tier": 6,
      "type": "academic",
      "url": "https://www.prio-cyprus-displacement.net//images/users/1/legislation/52-2008%20Law%20Concerning%20Immovable%20Property%20Acquisition%20and%20Long-term%20Lease%20(Foreigners).pdf",
      "jurisdiction": "trnc",
      "language": "en",
      "dateAccessed": "2026-09-14",
      "quoted": [],
      "notes": "Unofficial translation of the 2008 text, before the 2024 amendment. Used for terminology only; rules are encoded from the consolidated Turkish text.",
      "conflictsWith": [],
      "localCopy": "research/primary/law-52-2008-prio-english-translation.pdf"
    },
    {
      "id": "src-law-67-2005-ipc-english",
      "title": "Law 67/2005 for the Compensation, Exchange and Restitution of Immovable Properties which are within the scope of sub-paragraph (b) of paragraph 1 of Article 159 of the Constitution (English text published by the Commission)",
      "authority": "trnc-ipc",
      "tier": 1,
      "type": "legislation",
      "url": "https://tamk.gov.ct.tr/Portals/37/67-2005yasaING.pdf",
      "jurisdiction": "trnc",
      "language": "en",
      "dateAccessed": "2026-09-14",
      "quoted": [],
      "notes": "English text as published by the Immovable Property Commission. The gazette date of the law is not stated in this text and has not been verified by us.",
      "conflictsWith": [],
      "localCopy": "research/primary/ipc-law-67-2005-english.pdf"
    },
    {
      "id": "src-mevzuat-residence-regulation-2026",
      "title": "Residence Permits and Visas Regulation under Chapter 105 Aliens and Immigration Law, consolidated text dated 19 February 2026",
      "titleOriginal": "İkamet İzinleri ve Vizeler Tüzüğü (Fasıl 105, Yabancılar ve Muhaceret Yasası)",
      "authority": "trnc-central-legislation-office",
      "tier": 1,
      "type": "regulation",
      "url": "https://mevzuat.gov.ct.tr/Portals/48/Ikamet%20Izinleri%20ve%20Vizeler%20Tuzugu%2019_02_2026.pdf",
      "jurisdiction": "trnc",
      "language": "tr",
      "datePublished": "2026-02-19",
      "dateAccessed": "2026-09-14",
      "quoted": [],
      "notes": "Located for the LIVE vertical. Not yet read in full; no rules encoded from it.",
      "conflictsWith": [],
      "localCopy": "research/primary/ikamet-izinleri-ve-vizeler-tuzugu-2026-02-19.pdf"
    },
    {
      "id": "src-mfa-visa-information",
      "title": "Visa practice and travel information (TRNC Ministry of Foreign Affairs)",
      "titleOriginal": "Vize Uygulaması",
      "authority": "trnc-mfa",
      "tier": 2,
      "type": "official-page",
      "url": "https://mfa.gov.ct.tr/tr/konsolosluk-bilgisi/vize-uygulamasi",
      "jurisdiction": "trnc",
      "language": "tr",
      "dateAccessed": "2026-09-14",
      "quoted": [],
      "notes": "Entry point to visa regulations and an eVisa portal. Nationality-specific rules sit on linked pages not yet read. Since 14 September 2026 the live address redirects to the ministry home page; the archived copy of 25 January 2026 is linked until the ministry publishes a replacement page.",
      "conflictsWith": [],
      "archivedUrl": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260125052158/https://mfa.gov.ct.tr/tr/konsolosluk-bilgisi/vize-uygulamasi/"
    },
    {
      "id": "src-muhaceret-property-residence",
      "title": "Residence permit tied to immovable property (Immigration Department page)",
      "titleOriginal": "Taşınmaz Mala Bağlı İkamet İzni",
      "authority": "trnc-immigration-department",
      "tier": 2,
      "type": "official-page",
      "url": "http://muhaceretdairesi.gov.ct.tr/ikamet-bilgileri/Ta%C5%9F%C4%B1nmaz-Mala-Ba%C4%9Fl%C4%B1-%C4%B0kamet-%C4%B0zni",
      "jurisdiction": "trnc",
      "language": "tr",
      "dateAccessed": "2026-09-14",
      "quoted": [],
      "notes": "Located via search on 14 September 2026; the server refused our connection, so the page has not been read. No rules encoded from it.",
      "conflictsWith": []
    },
    {
      "id": "src-rkmmd-site",
      "title": "Official Receiver and Registrar of Companies website (forms and legislation)",
      "authority": "trnc-registrar-of-companies",
      "tier": 2,
      "type": "official-page",
      "url": "https://rkmmd.gov.ct.tr/",
      "jurisdiction": "trnc",
      "language": "tr",
      "dateAccessed": "2026-09-14",
      "quoted": [],
      "conflictsWith": []
    },
    {
      "id": "src-roc-gazette-law-18-2025",
      "title": "Official Gazette of the Republic of Cyprus, Part I(I), No. 5027, 21 February 2025: Criminal Code (Amendment) Law 18(I)/2025",
      "titleOriginal": "Ο περί Ποινικού Κώδικα (Τροποποιητικός) Νόμος του 2025, Ν. 18(Ι)/2025",
      "authority": "roc-official-gazette",
      "tier": 1,
      "type": "gazette",
      "url": "https://www.cylii.org/cy/legis/arith/2025/2025_1_018.pdf",
      "jurisdiction": "republic-of-cyprus",
      "language": "el",
      "datePublished": "2025-02-21",
      "dateAccessed": "2026-09-14",
      "quoted": [
        {
          "locator": "Section 2(b)",
          "original": "«αδικήματος και υπόκειται σε ποινή φυλάκισης μέχρι και πέντε (5) έτη ή σε χρηματική ποινή μέχρι τις δέκα χιλιάδες ευρώ (€10.000)»",
          "translation": "\"an offence and is liable to imprisonment of up to five (5) years or to a fine of up to ten thousand euros (€10,000)\""
        }
      ],
      "notes": "Amends section 281(1) of the Criminal Code (unlawful possession, cultivation or use of land registered to another), replacing the previous misdemeanour penalty of two years’ imprisonment or a fine not exceeding five thousand pounds.",
      "conflictsWith": [],
      "localCopy": "research/primary/roc-gazette-2025-1-018.pdf"
    },
    {
      "id": "src-roc-high-commission-conviction-2025",
      "title": "Conviction of two European citizens by Cypriot Assize Court in regard to fraudulent transactions related with real estate properties in the occupied areas (High Commission of Cyprus in the UK)",
      "authority": "roc-high-commission-uk",
      "tier": 2,
      "type": "official-page",
      "url": "https://cyprusinuk.com/news/conviction-of-two-european-citizens-by-cypriot-assize-court-in-regard-to-fraudulent-transactions-related-with-real-estate-properties-in-the-occupied-by-t%CF%8Brkiye-areas-of-the-republic-of-cyprus/",
      "jurisdiction": "republic-of-cyprus",
      "language": "en",
      "dateAccessed": "2026-09-14",
      "quoted": [
        {
          "text": "under the laws of the Republic of Cyprus, the use of property registered in the name of another individual constitutes a criminal offence."
        }
      ],
      "notes": "Refers to a Nicosia Assize Court hearing of 9 May 2025 at which two EU citizens were convicted under Article 303A of the Criminal Code, one for advertising property sales on a website and one for promoting properties on social media; sentences of two and a half years and fifteen months are reported. The page itself is undated.",
      "conflictsWith": []
    },
    {
      "id": "src-tapu-gov-ct-tr",
      "title": "Land Registry and Cadastre Department website",
      "authority": "trnc-land-registry",
      "tier": 2,
      "type": "official-page",
      "url": "https://tapu.gov.ct.tr/",
      "jurisdiction": "trnc",
      "language": "tr",
      "dateAccessed": "2026-09-14",
      "quoted": [],
      "notes": "Turkish-language only when accessed. Latest news items dated July 2025.",
      "conflictsWith": []
    },
    {
      "id": "src-tmb-online-application",
      "title": "Ministry of Interior online application portal for property permission (Taşınmaz Mal / Property Permission)",
      "authority": "trnc-ministry-of-interior",
      "tier": 2,
      "type": "official-page",
      "url": "https://tmb.icisleri.gov.ct.tr/",
      "jurisdiction": "trnc",
      "language": "tr",
      "dateAccessed": "2026-09-14",
      "quoted": [],
      "notes": "Linked from the Ministry of Interior site as \"Taşınmaz Mal / Property Permission\" under online services.",
      "conflictsWith": []
    },
    {
      "id": "src-yaga-site",
      "title": "Cyprus Turkish Investment Development Agency website (investor guide and incentives)",
      "authority": "trnc-yaga",
      "tier": 2,
      "type": "official-page",
      "url": "https://yaga.gov.ct.tr/",
      "jurisdiction": "trnc",
      "language": "tr",
      "dateAccessed": "2026-09-14",
      "quoted": [],
      "notes": "English version at investnorthcyprus.gov.ct.tr. News items dated May 2026 when accessed.",
      "conflictsWith": []
    }
  ]
}