{ "schemaVersion": 1, "generated": "2026-09-16T12:29:03.907Z", "publisher": "North Cyprus Reference", "language": "en", "canonicalLanguage": "en", "publishedLanguages": [ "en", "tr" ], "enabledLanguages": [ "en", "tr", "ru", "uk", "de", "pl", "he", "fa" ], "languages": { "en": { "label": "English", "nativeLabel": "English", "dir": "ltr", "hreflang": "en", "published": true }, "tr": { "label": "Turkish", "nativeLabel": "Türkçe", "dir": "ltr", "hreflang": "tr", "published": true }, "ru": { "label": "Russian", "nativeLabel": "Русский", "dir": "ltr", "hreflang": "ru", "published": false }, "uk": { "label": "Ukrainian", "nativeLabel": "Українська", "dir": "ltr", "hreflang": "uk", "published": false }, "de": { "label": "German", "nativeLabel": "Deutsch", "dir": "ltr", "hreflang": "de", "published": false }, "pl": { "label": "Polish", "nativeLabel": "Polski", "dir": "ltr", "hreflang": "pl", "published": false }, "he": { "label": "Hebrew", "nativeLabel": "עברית", "dir": "rtl", "hreflang": "he", "published": false }, "fa": { "label": "Persian", "nativeLabel": "فارسی", "dir": "rtl", "hreflang": "fa", "published": false } }, "collection": "claims", "records": [ { "id": "amendment-bill-before-assembly", "vertical": "property", "statement": "Amendments to Law 52/2008 are on the agenda of the Assembly’s Committee on Legal, Political, Foreign Affairs and Defence and could not be enacted before the Assembly’s recess, which is why decree 89/2026 was issued.", "jurisdictionScope": "trnc", "basis": "official-trnc-position", "assertionMode": "attributed", "attributedTo": "trnc-council-of-ministers", "rules": [], "sources": [ "src-gazette-2026-147-decree-89-2026" ], "locator": "General reasoning", "appliesTo": {}, "verification": "primary-verified", "status": "current", "lastVerified": "2026-09-14", "conflicts": [], "concepts": [ "law-52-2008", "decree-with-force-of-law" ], "versions": [ { "versionNo": 1, "date": "2026-09-14", "reason": "initial", "summary": "First encoded from the cited source." } ], "reviewPriority": "standard", "lintAllow": [] }, { "id": "cyprus-v-turkey-continuing-violation", "vertical": "property", "statement": "In the inter-state case Cyprus v. Turkey (Grand Chamber, 2001) the Court held, by sixteen votes to one, that there had been a continuing violation of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 because Greek Cypriot owners of property in northern Cyprus were being denied access to and control, use and enjoyment of their property, and any compensation for the interference with their property rights.", "jurisdictionScope": "echr", "basis": "court-finding", "assertionMode": "platform-asserts", "rules": [], "sources": [ "src-echr-cyprus-v-turkey-2001" ], "locator": "Operative provisions, Part III", "appliesTo": { "titleClass": [ "equivalent-property", "allocation" ] }, "verification": "primary-verified", "status": "current", "effectiveFrom": "2001-05-10", "lastVerified": "2026-09-14", "conflicts": [], "concepts": [ "echr", "property-dispute" ], "versions": [ { "versionNo": 1, "date": "2026-09-14", "reason": "initial", "summary": "First encoded from the cited source." } ], "reviewPriority": "standard", "lintAllow": [] }, { "id": "decree-89-2026-gazetted", "vertical": "property", "statement": "Decree with force of law 89/2026 regulating the rules on acquisition of immovable property by foreigners was published in Official Gazette No. 147 on 7 August 2026 and entered into force on publication; its explanatory note records that the ninety-day validity of the previous decree, 63/2026, ended on 10 August 2026.", "jurisdictionScope": "trnc", "basis": "legislation-text", "assertionMode": "platform-asserts", "rules": [], "sources": [ "src-gazette-2026-147-decree-89-2026" ], "locator": "General reasoning; Article 15", "appliesTo": {}, "verification": "primary-verified", "status": "current", "effectiveFrom": "2026-08-07", "lastVerified": "2026-09-14", "conflicts": [], "concepts": [ "decree-with-force-of-law" ], "versions": [ { "versionNo": 1, "date": "2026-09-14", "reason": "initial", "summary": "First encoded from the cited source." } ], "reviewPriority": "standard", "lintAllow": [] }, { "id": "decree-cycle-2025-2026", "vertical": "property", "statement": "The rules for foreign buyers have been carried by a chain of decrees with force of law re-issued on expiry: 30/2025 (14 August 2025), 42/2025 (14 November 2025), 11/2026 (12 February 2026), 63/2026 (11 May 2026) and 89/2026 (7 August 2026), each stating that it applies in place of the listed articles of Law 52/2008 while in force.", "jurisdictionScope": "trnc", "basis": "legislation-text", "assertionMode": "platform-asserts", "rules": [], "sources": [ "src-gazette-2025-165-decree-30-2025", "src-gazette-2025-225-decree-42-2025", "src-gazette-2026-028-decree-11-2026", "src-gazette-2026-087-decree-63-2026", "src-gazette-2026-147-decree-89-2026" ], "appliesTo": {}, "verification": "primary-verified", "status": "current", "effectiveFrom": "2025-08-14", "lastVerified": "2026-09-14", "conflicts": [], "concepts": [ "decree-with-force-of-law" ], "versions": [ { "versionNo": 1, "date": "2026-09-14", "reason": "initial", "summary": "First encoded from the cited source." } ], "reviewPriority": "standard", "lintAllow": [] }, { "id": "decree-validity-ninety-days", "vertical": "property", "statement": "A decree with force of law issued under Article 112 of the TRNC Constitution is valid for ninety days, as the Council of Ministers states in the explanatory notes of the property decrees.", "jurisdictionScope": "trnc", "basis": "official-trnc-position", "assertionMode": "attributed", "attributedTo": "trnc-council-of-ministers", "rules": [], "sources": [ "src-gazette-2026-147-decree-89-2026", "src-gazette-2025-165-decree-30-2025" ], "locator": "General reasoning", "appliesTo": {}, "verification": "primary-verified", "status": "current", "lastVerified": "2026-09-14", "conflicts": [], "concepts": [ "decree-with-force-of-law" ], "versions": [ { "versionNo": 1, "date": "2026-09-14", "reason": "initial", "summary": "First encoded from the cited source." } ], "reviewPriority": "consequential", "lintAllow": [] }, { "id": "demopoulos-effective-framework", "vertical": "property", "statement": "The Court found that Law 67/2005 provides an accessible and effective framework of redress for complaints about interference with property owned by Greek Cypriots, and rejected the applicants’ property complaints for non-exhaustion of domestic remedies.", "jurisdictionScope": "echr", "basis": "court-finding", "assertionMode": "platform-asserts", "rules": [], "sources": [ "src-echr-demopoulos-2010" ], "locator": "Paragraph 127", "appliesTo": {}, "verification": "primary-verified", "status": "current", "effectiveFrom": "2010-03-01", "lastVerified": "2026-09-14", "conflicts": [], "concepts": [ "immovable-property-commission" ], "versions": [ { "versionNo": 1, "date": "2026-09-14", "reason": "initial", "summary": "First encoded from the cited source." } ], "reviewPriority": "standard", "lintAllow": [] }, { "id": "demopoulos-ipc-composition", "vertical": "property", "statement": "The Court noted that the Immovable Property Commission is made up of five to seven members, two of whom are independent international members, that persons who occupy Greek Cypriot property are expressly excluded, and that appeal lies to the TRNC High Administrative Court.", "jurisdictionScope": "echr", "basis": "court-finding", "assertionMode": "platform-asserts", "rules": [], "sources": [ "src-echr-demopoulos-2010" ], "locator": "Paragraphs 120 and 126", "appliesTo": {}, "verification": "primary-verified", "status": "current", "effectiveFrom": "2010-03-01", "lastVerified": "2026-09-14", "conflicts": [], "concepts": [ "immovable-property-commission" ], "versions": [ { "versionNo": 1, "date": "2026-09-14", "reason": "initial", "summary": "First encoded from the cited source." } ], "reviewPriority": "standard", "lintAllow": [] }, { "id": "demopoulos-ipc-is-domestic-remedy", "vertical": "property", "statement": "In Demopoulos and Others v. Turkey (Grand Chamber decision, 1 March 2010) the Court held that, for the purposes of Article 35 § 1 of the Convention, remedies available in the TRNC, in particular the Immovable Property Commission procedure under Law 67/2005, may be regarded as domestic remedies of Turkey that applicants must normally exhaust before applying to the Court.", "jurisdictionScope": "echr", "basis": "court-finding", "assertionMode": "platform-asserts", "rules": [], "sources": [ "src-echr-demopoulos-2010" ], "locator": "Paragraph 103", "appliesTo": { "titleClass": [ "equivalent-property", "allocation" ] }, "verification": "primary-verified", "status": "current", "effectiveFrom": "2010-03-01", "lastVerified": "2026-09-14", "conflicts": [ "ownership-of-pre-1974-greek-cypriot-property" ], "concepts": [ "immovable-property-commission", "echr" ], "versions": [ { "versionNo": 1, "date": "2026-09-14", "reason": "initial", "summary": "First encoded from the cited source." } ], "reviewPriority": "consequential", "lintAllow": [] }, { "id": "demopoulos-not-required-to-use-ipc", "vertical": "property", "statement": "The Court stressed that its decision is not to be interpreted as requiring applicants to make use of the Immovable Property Commission; they may choose not to do so and await a political solution.", "jurisdictionScope": "echr", "basis": "court-finding", "assertionMode": "platform-asserts", "rules": [], "sources": [ "src-echr-demopoulos-2010" ], "locator": "Paragraph 128", "appliesTo": {}, "verification": "primary-verified", "status": "current", "effectiveFrom": "2010-03-01", "lastVerified": "2026-09-14", "conflicts": [], "concepts": [ "immovable-property-commission" ], "versions": [ { "versionNo": 1, "date": "2026-09-14", "reason": "initial", "summary": "First encoded from the cited source." } ], "reviewPriority": "standard", "lintAllow": [] }, { "id": "demopoulos-owners-not-lost-ownership", "vertical": "property", "statement": "The Court stated that this did not mean the applicants had lost their ownership in any formal sense, and that it would eschew any notion that military occupation should be regarded as a form of adverse possession by which title can be legally transferred to the invading power.", "jurisdictionScope": "echr", "basis": "court-finding", "assertionMode": "platform-asserts", "rules": [], "sources": [ "src-echr-demopoulos-2010" ], "locator": "Paragraph 112", "appliesTo": { "titleClass": [ "equivalent-property", "allocation" ] }, "verification": "primary-verified", "status": "current", "effectiveFrom": "2010-03-01", "lastVerified": "2026-09-14", "conflicts": [ "ownership-of-pre-1974-greek-cypriot-property" ], "concepts": [ "property-dispute" ], "versions": [ { "versionNo": 1, "date": "2026-09-14", "reason": "initial", "summary": "First encoded from the cited source." } ], "reviewPriority": "consequential", "lintAllow": [] }, { "id": "demopoulos-roc-sole-legitimate-government", "vertical": "property", "statement": "The Court reiterated that recognising TRNC remedies does not put in doubt the view adopted by the international community regarding the establishment of the TRNC or the fact that the government of the Republic of Cyprus remains the sole legitimate government of Cyprus.", "jurisdictionScope": "echr", "basis": "court-finding", "assertionMode": "platform-asserts", "rules": [], "sources": [ "src-echr-demopoulos-2010" ], "locator": "Paragraph 96", "appliesTo": {}, "verification": "primary-verified", "status": "current", "effectiveFrom": "2010-03-01", "lastVerified": "2026-09-14", "conflicts": [], "concepts": [ "republic-of-cyprus", "trnc" ], "versions": [ { "versionNo": 1, "date": "2026-09-14", "reason": "initial", "summary": "First encoded from the cited source." } ], "reviewPriority": "standard", "lintAllow": [] }, { "id": "demopoulos-third-parties-considered", "vertical": "property", "statement": "The Court held that it could not agree that Turkey should be prohibited from taking into account other considerations, in particular the position of third parties, and that it would be arbitrary to impose an obligation to effect restitution in all cases some thirty-five years after the owners left.", "jurisdictionScope": "echr", "basis": "court-finding", "assertionMode": "platform-asserts", "rules": [], "sources": [ "src-echr-demopoulos-2010" ], "locator": "Paragraph 116", "appliesTo": { "titleClass": [ "equivalent-property", "allocation" ] }, "verification": "primary-verified", "status": "current", "effectiveFrom": "2010-03-01", "lastVerified": "2026-09-14", "conflicts": [ "ownership-of-pre-1974-greek-cypriot-property" ], "concepts": [ "property-dispute" ], "versions": [ { "versionNo": 1, "date": "2026-09-14", "reason": "initial", "summary": "First encoded from the cited source." } ], "reviewPriority": "consequential", "lintAllow": [] }, { "id": "ep-resolution-2025-detentions", "vertical": "property", "statement": "On 11 September 2025 the European Parliament adopted, by 597 votes to 0 with 5 abstentions, a resolution condemning the detention on 19 July 2025 of five Greek Cypriot EU citizens who were visiting property in the north and calling for their immediate release.", "jurisdictionScope": "eu", "basis": "international-institution-position", "assertionMode": "attributed", "attributedTo": "european-parliament", "rules": [], "sources": [ "src-ep-resolution-2025-09-11" ], "appliesTo": {}, "verification": "primary-verified", "status": "current", "effectiveFrom": "2025-09-11", "lastVerified": "2026-09-14", "conflicts": [ "ownership-of-pre-1974-greek-cypriot-property" ], "concepts": [ "property-dispute" ], "versions": [ { "versionNo": 1, "date": "2026-09-14", "reason": "initial", "summary": "First encoded from the cited source." } ], "reviewPriority": "standard", "lintAllow": [] }, { "id": "govuk-developer-mortgage-liability", "vertical": "property", "statement": "It is common practice for developers to take out mortgages on land or property, and a buyer who signs a contract with a developer where there is already a mortgage, loan or claim on the property is likely to become liable for that mortgage should the builder, developer or landowner declare bankruptcy.", "jurisdictionScope": "uk", "basis": "foreign-government-guidance", "assertionMode": "attributed", "attributedTo": "uk-fcdo", "rules": [], "sources": [ "src-govuk-cyprus-buying-property" ], "locator": "Section on mortgages", "appliesTo": {}, "verification": "primary-verified", "status": "current", "lastVerified": "2026-09-14", "conflicts": [], "concepts": [ "encumbrance" ], "versions": [ { "versionNo": 1, "date": "2026-09-14", "reason": "initial", "summary": "First encoded from the cited source." } ], "reviewPriority": "standard", "lintAllow": [], "notes": "The guidance is written for Cyprus as a whole; the mechanism it describes is a general property-law risk, not one specific to the north." }, { "id": "govuk-enforcement-in-eu-and-uk", "vertical": "property", "statement": "Purchasers of such property could face legal proceedings in the courts of the Republic of Cyprus, as well as attempts to enforce judgments from those courts elsewhere in the EU, including the UK.", "jurisdictionScope": "uk", "basis": "foreign-government-guidance", "assertionMode": "attributed", "attributedTo": "uk-fcdo", "rules": [], "sources": [ "src-govuk-cyprus-buying-property" ], "locator": "Section on the north of Cyprus", "appliesTo": {}, "verification": "primary-verified", "status": "current", "lastVerified": "2026-09-14", "conflicts": [], "concepts": [ "orams-case" ], "versions": [ { "versionNo": 1, "date": "2026-09-14", "reason": "initial", "summary": "First encoded from the cited source." } ], "reviewPriority": "standard", "lintAllow": [] }, { "id": "govuk-guidance-last-updated-2019", "vertical": "property", "statement": "The UK government’s \"Cyprus: buying property\" guidance was first published on 25 March 2013 and last updated on 27 November 2019, before the 2024 amendment and the 2025–2026 decrees changed the rules in the north.", "jurisdictionScope": "uk", "basis": "foreign-government-guidance", "assertionMode": "attributed", "attributedTo": "uk-fcdo", "rules": [], "sources": [ "src-govuk-cyprus-buying-property" ], "appliesTo": {}, "verification": "primary-verified", "status": "current", "lastVerified": "2026-09-14", "conflicts": [], "concepts": [], "versions": [ { "versionNo": 1, "date": "2026-09-14", "reason": "initial", "summary": "First encoded from the cited source." } ], "reviewPriority": "standard", "lintAllow": [] }, { "id": "govuk-independent-legal-advice", "vertical": "property", "statement": "For all property purchases in Cyprus the UK government strongly recommends seeking one’s own independent legal advice.", "jurisdictionScope": "uk", "basis": "foreign-government-guidance", "assertionMode": "attributed", "attributedTo": "uk-fcdo", "rules": [], "sources": [ "src-govuk-cyprus-buying-property" ], "appliesTo": {}, "verification": "primary-verified", "status": "current", "lastVerified": "2026-09-14", "conflicts": [], "concepts": [ "independent-lawyer" ], "versions": [ { "versionNo": 1, "date": "2026-09-14", "reason": "initial", "summary": "First encoded from the cited source." } ], "reviewPriority": "standard", "lintAllow": [] }, { "id": "govuk-ownership-disputed", "vertical": "property", "statement": "The ownership of many properties is disputed in the north of Cyprus, with thousands of claims to ownership from people displaced in 1974, and purchase of these properties could have serious financial and legal implications.", "jurisdictionScope": "uk", "basis": "foreign-government-guidance", "assertionMode": "attributed", "attributedTo": "uk-fcdo", "rules": [], "sources": [ "src-govuk-cyprus-buying-property" ], "locator": "Section on the north of Cyprus", "appliesTo": { "titleClass": [ "equivalent-property", "allocation" ] }, "verification": "primary-verified", "status": "current", "lastVerified": "2026-09-14", "conflicts": [ "ownership-of-pre-1974-greek-cypriot-property" ], "concepts": [ "property-dispute" ], "versions": [ { "versionNo": 1, "date": "2026-09-14", "reason": "initial", "summary": "First encoded from the cited source." } ], "reviewPriority": "standard", "lintAllow": [] }, { "id": "ipc-law-remedies-and-burden-of-proof", "vertical": "property", "statement": "Under Law 67/2005, natural or legal persons claiming rights to immovable property within the scope of Article 159(1)(b) of the TRNC Constitution may apply to the Immovable Property Commission for restitution, exchange or compensation; the burden of proof rests on the applicant, who must satisfy the Commission beyond any reasonable doubt that the property was registered in their name (or that of the person from whom they derive title) before 1974; and the Commission decides after hearing the parties.", "jurisdictionScope": "trnc", "basis": "legislation-text", "assertionMode": "platform-asserts", "rules": [], "sources": [ "src-law-67-2005-ipc-english" ], "locator": "Sections 4, 6 and 8", "appliesTo": {}, "verification": "primary-verified", "status": "current", "lastVerified": "2026-09-14", "conflicts": [ "ownership-of-pre-1974-greek-cypriot-property" ], "concepts": [ "immovable-property-commission", "law-67-2005" ], "versions": [ { "versionNo": 1, "date": "2026-09-14", "reason": "initial", "summary": "First encoded from the cited source." } ], "reviewPriority": "standard", "lintAllow": [] }, { "id": "ipc-self-description", "vertical": "property", "statement": "The Immovable Property Commission describes itself as set up under Law 67/2005 in accordance with the rulings of the European Court of Human Rights in Xenides-Arestis v. Turkey, with the purpose of establishing an effective domestic remedy for claims relating to abandoned properties in Northern Cyprus.", "jurisdictionScope": "trnc", "basis": "official-trnc-position", "assertionMode": "attributed", "attributedTo": "trnc-ipc", "rules": [], "sources": [ "src-ipc-homepage-2026-09" ], "appliesTo": {}, "verification": "primary-verified", "status": "current", "lastVerified": "2026-09-14", "conflicts": [], "concepts": [ "immovable-property-commission" ], "versions": [ { "versionNo": 1, "date": "2026-09-14", "reason": "initial", "summary": "First encoded from the cited source." } ], "reviewPriority": "standard", "lintAllow": [] }, { "id": "ipc-statistics-september-2026", "vertical": "property", "statement": "As of 11 September 2026, 8,771 applications had been lodged with the Immovable Property Commission and 3,660 had been concluded, with GBP 680,817,812 awarded as compensation, according to the Commission’s own published figures.", "jurisdictionScope": "trnc", "basis": "official-trnc-position", "assertionMode": "attributed", "attributedTo": "trnc-ipc", "rules": [], "sources": [ "src-ipc-homepage-2026-09" ], "appliesTo": {}, "verification": "primary-verified", "status": "current", "effectiveFrom": "2026-09-11", "lastVerified": "2026-09-14", "conflicts": [], "concepts": [ "immovable-property-commission" ], "versions": [ { "versionNo": 1, "date": "2026-09-14", "reason": "initial", "summary": "First encoded from the cited source." } ], "reviewPriority": "standard", "lintAllow": [] }, { "id": "item-definitive-possession-certificate-became-title", "vertical": "property", "statement": "Amendment 52/1995 elevated the \"definitive possession certificate\" issued under Law 41/1977 to the status of an immovable property title deed (koçan), so that any such certificate is read as a title deed with the same meaning as under the Immovable Property (Tenure, Registration and Valuation) Law, Cap. 224.", "jurisdictionScope": "trnc", "basis": "professional-interpretation", "assertionMode": "attributed", "attributedTo": "prio-cyprus-centre", "rules": [], "sources": [ "src-law-41-1977-prio-translation" ], "appliesTo": { "titleClass": [ "equivalent-property", "allocation" ] }, "verification": "secondary-only", "publishRationale": "Explains why equivalent-property and allocation holders hold full title deeds under TRNC law rather than mere possession certificates; needed to explain the title categories. Primary confirmation from the Turkish text is pending.", "status": "current", "lastVerified": "2026-09-14", "conflicts": [ "ownership-of-pre-1974-greek-cypriot-property" ], "concepts": [ "law-41-1977", "title-deed" ], "versions": [ { "versionNo": 1, "date": "2026-09-14", "reason": "initial", "summary": "First encoded from the cited source." } ], "reviewPriority": "consequential", "lintAllow": [] }, { "id": "item-law-points-system", "vertical": "property", "statement": "Law 41/1977 and its amendments distributed property left behind in the north in 1974 to displaced Turkish Cypriots against points representing property they left in the south (the \"equivalent property\" mechanism introduced by amendment 27/1982), and to other categories such as those who served in 1974 and settlers, through \"definitive possession certificates\".", "jurisdictionScope": "trnc", "basis": "professional-interpretation", "assertionMode": "attributed", "attributedTo": "prio-cyprus-centre", "rules": [], "sources": [ "src-law-41-1977-prio-translation" ], "appliesTo": { "titleClass": [ "equivalent-property", "allocation" ] }, "verification": "secondary-only", "publishRationale": "The introduction to PRIO’s translation of Law 41/1977 is the clearest English account of how equivalent-property and allocation titles arose; readers need it to understand title categories. We have located the consolidated Turkish text and will replace this with a primary-verified claim after reading it in full.", "status": "current", "lastVerified": "2026-09-14", "conflicts": [], "concepts": [ "law-41-1977", "equivalent-property-title", "allocation-title" ], "versions": [ { "versionNo": 1, "date": "2026-09-14", "reason": "initial", "summary": "First encoded from the cited source." } ], "reviewPriority": "standard", "lintAllow": [] }, { "id": "law-39-2024-adopted-and-gazetted", "vertical": "property", "statement": "The amending Law 39/2024 was adopted by the TRNC Assembly on 20 May 2024 by twenty-six votes and published in Official Gazette No. 102 on 21 May 2024, entering into force on publication.", "jurisdictionScope": "trnc", "basis": "legislation-text", "assertionMode": "platform-asserts", "rules": [], "sources": [ "src-gazette-2024-102" ], "locator": "Supplement I, p. 207 and section 14", "appliesTo": {}, "verification": "primary-verified", "status": "current", "effectiveFrom": "2024-05-21", "lastVerified": "2026-09-14", "conflicts": [], "concepts": [ "law-39-2024" ], "versions": [ { "versionNo": 1, "date": "2026-09-14", "reason": "initial", "summary": "First encoded from the cited source." } ], "reviewPriority": "standard", "lintAllow": [] }, { "id": "law-52-2008-adopted-2008", "vertical": "property", "statement": "Law 52/2008, the Immovable Property Acquisition and Long-Term Lease (Aliens) Law, was adopted unanimously by the TRNC Assembly on 10 November 2008 and repealed the earlier Acquisition of Immovable Property (Aliens) Law.", "jurisdictionScope": "trnc", "basis": "legislation-text", "assertionMode": "platform-asserts", "rules": [], "sources": [ "src-law-52-2008-consolidated" ], "locator": "Preamble and Article 15", "appliesTo": {}, "verification": "primary-verified", "status": "current", "effectiveFrom": "2008-11-10", "lastVerified": "2026-09-14", "conflicts": [], "concepts": [ "law-52-2008" ], "versions": [ { "versionNo": 1, "date": "2026-09-14", "reason": "initial", "summary": "First encoded from the cited source." } ], "reviewPriority": "standard", "lintAllow": [] }, { "id": "loizidou-breach-imputable-to-turkey", "vertical": "property", "statement": "The Court held, by eleven votes to six, that the denial of access to the applicant’s property and the consequent loss of control over it were imputable to Turkey and that there had been a breach of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 (protection of property).", "jurisdictionScope": "echr", "basis": "court-finding", "assertionMode": "platform-asserts", "rules": [], "sources": [ "src-echr-loizidou-1996" ], "locator": "Operative provisions 2 and 3", "appliesTo": { "titleClass": [ "equivalent-property", "allocation" ] }, "verification": "primary-verified", "status": "current", "effectiveFrom": "1996-12-18", "lastVerified": "2026-09-14", "conflicts": [], "concepts": [ "echr" ], "versions": [ { "versionNo": 1, "date": "2026-09-14", "reason": "initial", "summary": "First encoded from the cited source." } ], "reviewPriority": "standard", "lintAllow": [] }, { "id": "loizidou-remained-legal-owner", "vertical": "property", "statement": "In Loizidou v. Turkey (1996) the European Court of Human Rights held that the applicant, a Greek Cypriot displaced from Kyrenia in 1974, must be regarded as having remained the legal owner of her land, declining to attribute legal validity for Convention purposes to Article 159 of the TRNC Constitution which purported to expropriate it.", "jurisdictionScope": "echr", "basis": "court-finding", "assertionMode": "platform-asserts", "rules": [], "sources": [ "src-echr-loizidou-1996" ], "locator": "Paragraphs 44 and 64", "appliesTo": { "titleClass": [ "equivalent-property", "allocation" ] }, "verification": "primary-verified", "status": "current", "effectiveFrom": "1996-12-18", "lastVerified": "2026-09-14", "conflicts": [ "ownership-of-pre-1974-greek-cypriot-property" ], "concepts": [ "echr", "property-dispute" ], "versions": [ { "versionNo": 1, "date": "2026-09-14", "reason": "initial", "summary": "First encoded from the cited source." } ], "reviewPriority": "consequential", "lintAllow": [] }, { "id": "orams-cjeu-recognition", "vertical": "property", "statement": "In Apostolides v Orams (Case C-420/07, 28 April 2009) the Court of Justice of the European Union ruled that the suspension of EU law in the areas of Cyprus outside the government’s effective control does not preclude the recognition and enforcement in another member state, under Regulation 44/2001, of a judgment of a Republic of Cyprus court concerning land situated in those areas.", "jurisdictionScope": "cjeu", "basis": "court-finding", "assertionMode": "platform-asserts", "rules": [], "sources": [ "src-cjeu-apostolides-orams-2009" ], "appliesTo": {}, "verification": "primary-verified", "status": "current", "effectiveFrom": "2009-04-28", "lastVerified": "2026-09-14", "conflicts": [ "ownership-of-pre-1974-greek-cypriot-property" ], "concepts": [ "orams-case" ], "versions": [ { "versionNo": 1, "date": "2026-09-14", "reason": "initial", "summary": "First encoded from the cited source." } ], "reviewPriority": "consequential", "lintAllow": [] }, { "id": "orams-ewca-enforcement", "vertical": "property", "statement": "On 19 January 2010 the Court of Appeal of England and Wales allowed Mr Apostolides’ appeal and reinstated the orders registering the Cypriot judgments against Mr and Mrs Orams for enforcement in England.", "jurisdictionScope": "uk", "basis": "court-finding", "assertionMode": "platform-asserts", "rules": [], "sources": [ "src-ewca-apostolides-orams-2010", "src-cjeu-apostolides-orams-2009" ], "locator": "Paragraph 94", "appliesTo": {}, "verification": "primary-verified", "status": "current", "effectiveFrom": "2010-01-19", "lastVerified": "2026-09-14", "conflicts": [ "ownership-of-pre-1974-greek-cypriot-property" ], "concepts": [ "orams-case" ], "versions": [ { "versionNo": 1, "date": "2026-09-14", "reason": "initial", "summary": "First encoded from the cited source." } ], "reviewPriority": "consequential", "lintAllow": [] }, { "id": "ptp-applications-in-person-proxy-or-lawyer", "vertical": "property", "statement": "Applications by foreign nationals to buy immovable property are accepted in person, by proxy or through the applicant’s lawyer, and the Ministry operates an online application portal for property permission.", "jurisdictionScope": "trnc", "basis": "official-trnc-position", "assertionMode": "attributed", "attributedTo": "trnc-ministry-of-interior", "rules": [], "sources": [ "src-icisleri-immovable-property-unit", "src-tmb-online-application" ], "appliesTo": {}, "verification": "primary-verified", "status": "current", "lastVerified": "2026-09-14", "conflicts": [], "concepts": [ "permission-to-purchase" ], "versions": [ { "versionNo": 1, "date": "2026-09-14", "reason": "initial", "summary": "First encoded from the cited source." } ], "reviewPriority": "standard", "lintAllow": [] }, { "id": "ptp-decisions-published-in-gazette", "vertical": "property", "statement": "A Council of Ministers decision granting a foreigner permission to buy is published in the Official Gazette, and the deadlines for completing the transfer and paying the taxes and fees run from that publication date.", "jurisdictionScope": "trnc", "basis": "legislation-text", "assertionMode": "platform-asserts", "rules": [ "statutory-transfer-deadline-six-months", "decree-transfer-deadline-one-year" ], "sources": [ "src-law-52-2008-consolidated", "src-gazette-2026-147-decree-89-2026" ], "locator": "Law 52/2008 Article 8(6)–(7); decree 89/2026 Article 4", "appliesTo": {}, "verification": "primary-verified", "status": "current", "lastVerified": "2026-09-14", "conflicts": [], "concepts": [ "permission-to-purchase" ], "versions": [ { "versionNo": 1, "date": "2026-09-14", "reason": "initial", "summary": "First encoded from the cited source." } ], "reviewPriority": "consequential", "lintAllow": [] }, { "id": "ptp-required-documents-list", "vertical": "property", "statement": "The Ministry of Interior’s information sheet on Permission to Purchase lists: a letter to the Ministry (separate forms for a flat, a house or land), an information form, a passport copy, a copy of the title deed, a site plan with the area marked, an original criminal-record certificate from the buyer’s own country, a copy of the sale contract if there is one, and a stamp for applications made by proxy; the letter must state the share of the property being bought.", "jurisdictionScope": "trnc", "basis": "official-trnc-position", "assertionMode": "attributed", "attributedTo": "trnc-ministry-of-interior", "rules": [], "sources": [ "src-icisleri-ptp-required-documents" ], "appliesTo": {}, "verification": "primary-verified", "status": "current", "lastVerified": "2026-09-14", "conflicts": [], "concepts": [ "permission-to-purchase" ], "versions": [ { "versionNo": 1, "date": "2026-09-14", "reason": "initial", "summary": "First encoded from the cited source." } ], "reviewPriority": "standard", "lintAllow": [], "notes": "The sheet is undated. The law provides that the document list is set by Ministry circular, so the current circular may differ." }, { "id": "roc-convictions-2025-303a", "vertical": "property", "statement": "On 9 May 2025 the Nicosia Assize Court convicted two European citizens under section 303A of the Criminal Code, one for advertising sales of property in the north on a website and one for promoting such properties on social media, imposing sentences of two and a half years and fifteen months.", "jurisdictionScope": "republic-of-cyprus", "basis": "republic-of-cyprus-position", "assertionMode": "attributed", "attributedTo": "roc-high-commission-uk", "rules": [ "roc-303a-fraudulent-dealing-in-property-of-another" ], "sources": [ "src-roc-high-commission-conviction-2025" ], "appliesTo": {}, "verification": "primary-verified", "status": "current", "effectiveFrom": "2025-05-09", "lastVerified": "2026-09-14", "conflicts": [ "ownership-of-pre-1974-greek-cypriot-property" ], "concepts": [ "usurpation-offence" ], "versions": [ { "versionNo": 1, "date": "2026-09-14", "reason": "initial", "summary": "First encoded from the cited source." } ], "reviewPriority": "consequential", "lintAllow": [] }, { "id": "roc-high-commission-warning", "vertical": "property", "statement": "Under the laws of the Republic of Cyprus, the use of property registered in the name of another individual constitutes a criminal offence, and the court stated that Cypriot law applies to the entire territory of the country including the areas under Turkish occupation.", "jurisdictionScope": "republic-of-cyprus", "basis": "republic-of-cyprus-position", "assertionMode": "attributed", "attributedTo": "roc-high-commission-uk", "rules": [], "sources": [ "src-roc-high-commission-conviction-2025" ], "appliesTo": {}, "verification": "primary-verified", "status": "current", "lastVerified": "2026-09-14", "conflicts": [], "concepts": [ "usurpation-offence", "republic-of-cyprus" ], "versions": [ { "versionNo": 1, "date": "2026-09-14", "reason": "initial", "summary": "First encoded from the cited source." } ], "reviewPriority": "standard", "lintAllow": [] }, { "id": "xenides-arestis-remedy-required", "vertical": "property", "statement": "In Xenides-Arestis v. Turkey (2005) the Court found violations of Article 8 and of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 and held unanimously that Turkey must introduce, within three months, a remedy securing effective protection of those rights for the applicant and for all similar pending applications.", "jurisdictionScope": "echr", "basis": "court-finding", "assertionMode": "platform-asserts", "rules": [], "sources": [ "src-echr-xenides-arestis-2005" ], "locator": "Operative provisions 2, 3 and 5", "appliesTo": {}, "verification": "primary-verified", "status": "current", "effectiveFrom": "2005-12-22", "lastVerified": "2026-09-14", "conflicts": [], "concepts": [ "echr", "immovable-property-commission" ], "versions": [ { "versionNo": 1, "date": "2026-09-14", "reason": "initial", "summary": "First encoded from the cited source." } ], "reviewPriority": "standard", "lintAllow": [] } ] }